Is there a characterization for this type of low self-esteem? Recalcitrant behavior, opposition to compliments?

You have over-thought all of this. You have to remember that you and your people are only human. What you achieve academically really means nothing socially. It's all about how you get along. You should show that you have the ability to forget. Forgetting is a wonderful gift that helps us all relate to one-another. I can never really trust anyone who claims to be a know-it-all.